NC Wood Chip Mill Reference
Forest Management Effects on Water Quality

The following scientific papers form a Second list of sources that are being evaluated in a literature review of forest management effects on soils and water quality in North Carolina. Most of the references pertain directly to forest conditions in the southeastern USA. This list is being expanded and additions and suggests are welcome.
Please pass additional references to drichter@duke.edu or via fax at 919-684-8741. Many thanks.

*********************

Allen, H.L., L.A. Morris, and T.R. Wentworth. 1991. Productivity comparisons between successive loblolly pine rotations in the North Carolina Piedmont. In W. J. Dyck, C. A. Hees (eds.) Long-Term Field Trials to Assess Environmental Impacts of Harvesting. New Zealand Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, New Zealand.

Anderson, H.W., M.D. Hoover, and K.G. Reinhart. 1976. Forest and water: effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation, and water supply. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report, PSW-18, Berkeley, CA.

Anderson, M. 1987. Water quality planning for national forests. Environmental Law 17:591-641.

Andrus, C., and Froehlich, H.A. 1998. riparian forest development after logging or fire in the Oregan Coast Range: wildlife habitat and timber value. In Streamside management: riparian wildlife and forestry interactions. University of Washingto Institute of Forest Resources. Contribution no. 59:139-152.

Askew, G.R. and T. M. Williams. 1986. Water quality changes due to site conversion in coastal South Carolina. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10: 134-136.

Aubertin, G.M. and J.H. Patric. 1974. Water quality after clearcutting a small watershed in West Virginia. Journal of Environmental Quality 3:243-249.

Beasley, R.S. 1979. Intensive site preparation and sediment losses on steep watersheds in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43:412-417.

Belt, G.H., and O'Laughlin, J. 1994. Buffer strip design for protecting water quality and fish habitat. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 9(2):41-45.

Binkley, D. and T. C. Brown. 1993. Management impacts on water quality in forests and rangelands. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-239.

Binkley, D. and L. MacDonald. 1993. Forests as non-point sources of pollution, and effectiveness of best management practices. Techn. Bull. NCASI, NY.

Bisson, P.A., G. Ice, C. Perrin, and R. Bilby. 1992a Effects of forest fertilization on water quality and aquatic resources in the Douglas-fir region. pp. 179-193. In: Forest Fertilization: Sustaining and Improving Growth of Western Forests (H.N. Chappell, G.F. Weetman and R.E. Miller, eds.). Institute of Forest Resources Contibution 72, Univ of Washington. Seattle

Blackburn, W.H., J.C. Wood, M.G. DeHaven. 1986. Stormflow and sediment losses from site-prepared forestland in east Texas. Water Resources Research 22:776-784.

Blackburn, W.H., and J.C. Wood. 1990. Nutrient export in stormflow following forest harvesting and site-preparation in east Texas. Journal of Environmental Quality 19: 402-408.

Blackmon, B.G., ed. Proceedings of Forestry and Water Quality: A Mid-South Symposium. Little, Rock, AR. May 8-9, 1985. Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas, Monticello, AR. 1985.

Bormann, F.H., G.E. Likens, D.W. Fisher, and R.S. pierce 1968. Nutrient loss accelerated by clear-cutting of a forest ecosystem. Science 159: 882-884.

Bouchard, D.C., T.L. Lavy, and E.R. Lawson. 1985. Mobility and persistence of hexazinone in a forested watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 14:229-233.

Bovey, R.W., C. Richardson, E. Burnett, M.G. Merkle, and R.E. Meyer. 1978. Loss of spray and pelleted picloram in surface runoff water. J. Environ. Qual. 7:178-180.

Brown, G. W. 1989. Forestry and Water Quality. Oregon State University Bookstore, Corvallis.

Brown, T.C., D. Brown, and D. Binkley. 1993. Laws and programs for controlling nonpoint source pollution in forest areas. Water Resour. Bull. 29:1-13.

Brynn, D.A., and J.C. Clausen. 1991. Postharvest assessment of Vermont's acceptable silivicultural management prractices and water quality impacts. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 8: 140-144.

Burger, J. A. 1983. Physical impacts of harvesting and site preparation on soil. pp. 3-11. In Maintaining Forest Site Productivity, Appalachian Society of American Foresters, Myrtle Beach, SC.

Bush, P.B., D.G. Neary, J.W. Talyor, and W.L. Nutter. 1986. Effects of pesticide use in a pine seed orchard on pestidie levels in fish. kWater Res. Bull. 22:817-827.

Bush, P.B., J.F. Dowd, A.G. Williams, D.G. Neary, and J.W. Taylor. 1990. Pesticides in runoff from forested lands in the Southeast. pp. 20-213. In: D.L. Weighman (ed.), Pesticides in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments, Proceedings of a National Pesticide Research conference, May 11-12, 1989, Richmond, VA, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 555 pp.

Cantrell, r.L. 1985. A Guide to Silvicutral herbicide use in the southern United States. Auburn University School of Forestry, Auburn, Al, 555 pp.

Commerford, N.B., D.G. Neary, and R.G. Mansell, 1992. The effectivenes of buffer strips for ameliorating offsite transport of sediment, nutrients, and pesticides from silvicultural operations. NCASI Technical bulletin No 631.

Cooper, J.R. and J.W. Gilliam. 1987. Phosphorous redistribution from cultivated fields into riparian areas. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51: 1600-1604.

Cooper, J.R., J.W. Gilliam, R.B. Daniels. 1987. Riparian areas as filters for agricultral sediment. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. J. 51:416-420

Corbett, E.S. and J.A. Lynch. 1985. Management of streamside sones on municipal watersheds. p. 187-190. In: Riparian ecosystems and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. First Amer. Riparian Conf. USDA. Fen. Tech. Rpt. RM-120.

Corbett, E.S. and J.A. Lynch, and W.E. Sopper. 1978. Timber harvesting practices and water quality in the eastern United States. Journal of Forestry 76(8), 484-488.

Correl, David L. 1986. Watershed research perspectives. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Cubbage, F.W., W.C. Siegel, and T.K. Haines. 1987. Water quality laws affecting forestry in the eastern United States. pp. 597-609. In S.J. Nix and P.E. Black (eds.) Monitoring, Modeling, and Mediating Water Quality. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, MD.

Dissmeyer, G. E. 1985. Economic impacts of erosion control in forests. In Southern Forestry Symposium. National Association of Professional Forestry Schools, Atlanta, GA.

Dissmeyer, G. E. and G.R. Foster. 1984. A guide for predicting sheet and rill erosion on forest land. USDA Forest Service Techn. Publ. R8-TP-6.

Dissmeyer, G. E., E.R. Frandsen, R. Soloman, K. Roth, M. Goggin, S. Miles, and B. Foster. 1987. Soil and water resource management: a cost or a benefit? In Approaches to Watershed Economics Through Example. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.

Douglass, J.E., D.R. Cochrane, G.W. Bailey, J.I. Teasley, D. W. Hill. 1969. Low herbicide concentration found in streamflow after a grass cover is killed. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Research Note SE-108, 3 p.

Driscoll, C.T., G.E. Likens, L.O. Hedin, J.S. Eaton, and F.H. Bormann. 1989. Changes in the chemistry of surface waters. Environmental Science and Technology 23: 137-143.

Duffy, P.D. 1985. Nutrient gains and losses for loblolly pine plantations. pp. 42-54. In B.G. Blackmon (ed.) Forestry and Water Quality: a Mid-South Symposium. USDA Forest Service, New Orleans, LA.

Edwards, P.J., J.N. Kochenderfer, and D.W. Seegrist. 1991. Effects of forest fertilization on stream water chemistry in the Appalachians. Water Resources Bulletin 27: 265-274.

Essig, D.A. 1991. The National Association of State Foresters report of survey results: implementation of silvicultural nonpoint source programs in the United States. Montana Department of State Lands, Missoula.

Fisher, R.F. 1990. Amelioration of soils by trees. pp. 290-300. In S.P. Gessel (ed.). Sustained Productivity of Forest Soils. Proceedings of the Seventh North American Forest Soils Conference, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.

Furniss, M.J., T.D. Roelofs, and C.S. Yee. 1991. Road construction and maintenance. In: Influences of forest and Rangeland Management on Salmonid Fishes and their Habitats (W.R. Meehan, ed.). American Fisheries Society Special Publication 19:297-323

Gianessi, L. P., H. M. Peskin, and C.A. Puffer. 1986. National data base of nonurban-nonpoint-source discharges and their effect on the nation's water quality. US EPA - Resources for the Future, Washington, D.C.

Glasser, S.P. 1989. Summary of water quality effects from forest practices in the South. USDA Forest Service, Sothern Region, Soil Water and Air Staff, Atlanta, GA. 50 pp.

Goetzl, A. and W.C. Siegel. 1980. Water quality laws in the southern states: how they affect forestry. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 4:2-10.

Grzenda, A.P., H.P. Nicholson, J. I. Teasley, and J.H. Patric. 1964. DDT residues in a mountain stream as influenced by treatment practices. J. Econ. Entomol. 57:615-618

Helvey, J.D., J. N. Kochenderfer, and P.J. Edwards. 1989. Effects of forest fertilization on selected ion concentrations in central Appalachian streams. pp. 278-282. In USDA Forest Service NC-132, St. Paul, MN.

Hem, J.D. 1989. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2254. Reston, VA.

Hewlett, J.D. 1982. Principles of Forest Hydrology. University of Georgia Press, Athens.

Hewlett, J.D., J. C. Fortson. 1982. Stream temperature under an inadequate buffer strip in the southeastern Piedmont. Water Resources Bulletin 18:983-988.

Hickman, C.A. and B.D. Jackson. 1979. Economic impacts of controlling soil loss from silvicultural activities in east Texas. Forest Science 25: 627-640.

Hillel, D., and G.M. Hornberger. 1978. Physical model of the hydrology of sloping heterogenous fields. Soil Sci. Soc. am. J. 43:434-439.

Horton, J.S. and C. J. Campbell. 1974 Management of phreatophyte and riparian vegetation for maximum multiple use. USDA Forest Serv. Res. paper. RM-117. 23 pp.

Jacobs, T.C., Gilliam, J.W. 1985. Riparian losses of nitrate from agricultural drainage waters. Journal of Environmental Quality. 14(4): 467-472

Johnson, D.W. and R.I. Van Hook (eds.). 1989. Analysis of Biogeochemical Cycling Processes in Walker Branch Watershed. Springer-Verlag, NY.

Johnson, D.W. and D.E. Todd. 1987. Nutrient export by leaching and whole-tree harvesting in a loblolly pine and mixed oak forest. Plant and Soil 102: 99-109.

Johnson, D.W. and S.E. Lindberg (eds.). 1992. Atmospheric Deposition and Nutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, NY.

Johnson, D.W. 1993. Nitrogen retention in forest soils. J Env Qual 21:1-11

Johnson, E.A. 1952. Effect of farm woodland grazing on watershed values in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Journal of Forestry 50: 109-113.

Kettredge, J. 1948. Forest Influences: The Effects of Woody Vegetation on Climate, Water, and Soil, with Applications to the Conservation of Water and the Control of Floods and Erosion. McGraw-Hill, NY.

Kochenderfer, J.N., and Aubertin. 1975. Effects of management practices on water quality and quantity: Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-13, Broomall, PA.

Kochenderfer, J.N. and J.D. Helvey. 1987. Using gravel to reduce soil losses from minimum-standard forest roads. J Soil and Water Conservation 42:46-50.

Lettenmaier, D.P., E.R. Hooper, C. Wagoner, and K.B. Faris. 1991. Trends in stream quality in the continental United States, 1978-1987. Water Resources Research 27: 327-339.

Lickwar, P.M., C.A. Hickman, and F.W. Cubbage. 1992. Costs of protecting water quality during harvesting on private forestlands in the southeast. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 16: 13-19.

Lickwar, P.M., C.A. Hickman, and F.W. Cubbage. 1990. Current southern state programs for control of forestry nonpoint source pollution. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 14:64-69.

Likens, G.E.; F.H. Bormann, R.S. Pierce, J.S. Eaton, N.M. Johnson. 1977. Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. Springer-Verlag, NY.

Lindberg, S.E., G.M., Lovett, D.D. Richter, and D.W. Johnson. 1986. Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of major ions. Science 213:141-145.

Linnartz, N., C. Hse, and V. Duvall. 1966. Grazing impairs physical properties of a forest soil in central Louisiana. Journal of Forestry 64: 239-243.

Lowrance, Richard; Leonard, Ralph; Sheridan, Joseph. 1985. Managing riparioan ecosystems to control nonpoint pollution. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 40(1):87-91

Lowrance, Richard; Todd, Robert L.; Fail, Joseph, Jr.; Hendrickson, Ole, Jr.; Leonard, Ralph; Asmussen, Loris. 1984. Riparian forests as nutrient filters in agricultural watersheds. Bioscince. 34(8): 374-377

Lynch, J.A. E.S. Corbett, K. Mussallem. 1985. Best management practices for controlling nonpoint-source pollution on forested watersheds. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40: 164-167.

Lynch, J.A., E.S. Corbett. 1990. Evaluation of best management practices of controlling nonpoint pollution from silvicultural operations. Water Resources Bulletin 26:41-52.

Marion, D.,A., S.G. Ursic. 1992. Sediment production in forests of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Interior Highlands. In EPA/USFS Technical Workshop on Sediments, Corvallis, OR.

McClurkin, D.C., P.D. Duffy, S.J. Ursic, N.S. Nelson. 1985. Water quality effects of clearcutting upper Coastal Plain loblolly pine plantations. Journal of Environmental Quality 14: 329-332.

McClurkin, D.C, P.D. Duffy, N.S. Nelson. 1987. Changes in forest floor and water quality following thinning and clearcutting of 20-year-old pine. Journal of Environmental Quality 16:237-241.

McCaig, M. 1983. Contributions to storm quickflow in a small headwater catchment - the role of natrual pipes and soil macropores. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 8: 239-252. 57.

Michael, J.L., D.G. Neary, and M.J.M. Wells. 1989. Picloram movement in soil solution and streamflow from a coastal plain forest. J. Environ. Qual. 18:89-95.

Miller, E.L., R.S. Beasley, E.R. Lawson. 1988. Forest harvest and site preparation effects on erosion and sedimentation in the Ouachita Mountains. Journal of Environmental Quality 17: 219-225.

Neary, D.G. 1983. Monitoring herbicide residues in springflow after an operational application of hexazinone. South. J. Appl. For. 7:217-223.

Neary, D.G., P.B. Bush, J.E. Douglass. 1983. Off-site movement of hexazinone in stormflow and bseflow from forest watersheds. Weed Sci. 31:543-551.

Neary, D.G., P.B. Bush, J.E. Douglass, and R.L. Todd. 1985. Picloram movement in an Appalachian hardwood forest watershed. J. Environ. Qual. 14:585-592.

Neary, D.G. and J.L. Michael. 1989. Effect of sulfometuron methyl on ground water and stream quality in coastal plain forest watersheds. Water Res. Bull. 25:617-623.

Neary, D.G. 1988. Effects of pesticide applications on forested watersheds. pp. 325-337. In: Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta (W.T. Swank and D.A. Crossley, Jr., eds.). Springer-Verlag. New York.

Neary, D.G., W.T. Swank, and H. Riekerk. 1989. An overview of nonpoint source pollution in the sourthen United States. pp. 1-7. In: D.D. Hook and R. Lea, eds. Proceedings of the symposium: The forested wetlands of the Southern United States. 1988 July 12-14; Orlando, Fl. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-50. Asheville, NC: U.S. Departement of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 168 pp.

North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Division of Forest Resources, Forestry Best Management Practices Manual. September 1989.

North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. Best Managemant Practices for Forestry in the Wetlands of North Carolina. June 1990.

Omernik, A.R. Abbernathy and L.M. Male. 1981. Stream nutrient levels and proximity of agricultural and forest land to streams: some relationship. J. Soil Water Conserv. 36: 227-231.

Patric, J.H. 1980. Effects of wood products harvest on forest soil and water relations. Journal of Environmental Quality 9: 73-80.

Patric, J.H., J.O. Evans, J.D. Helvey. 1984. Summary of sediment yield data from forested land in the United States. Journal of Forestry 82:101-104.

Patric, J.H. and J.D. Helvey. 1986. Some effects of grazing on soil and water in the eastern forest. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-GTR-115. Broomall, PA.

Patrick, W.H., Jr., and K.R. Reddy. 1976. Nitrification - denitrification reactions in flooded soils and water bottoms: dependence on oxygen supply and ammonium diffusion. J. Environ. Qual. 5:469-472

Peterjohn, William T.; Correll, David L. 1983. Nutrient dynamics in an agricultural watershed: Observations of the role of a riparian forest. Ecology. 65(5): 1466-1475

Pritchett, W.L. and R.F. Fisher. 1987. Properties and Management of Forest Soils. Wiley and Sons, NY.

Pye, J. and P. Vitousek. 1985. Soil and nutrient removals by erosion and windrowing at a southeastern U.S. Piedmont site. Forest Ecology and Management 11: 145-155.

Reid, L.M. and T. Dunne. 1984. Sediment production from forest road surfaces. Water Resources Research 20:1753-1761.

Ribaudo, M.O. 1986. Reducing soil erosion: offsite benefits. USDA Economic Research Service, Agric. Econ. Rep. 561. Washington, DC.

Richter, D.D., K. Korfmacher, and R. Nau. 1995. Decreases in Yadkin River Basin Sedimentation: Statistical and Geographic Time-trend Analyses, 1951 to 1990. North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute Report 297, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Richter, D.D., D. Markewitz, C.G. Wells, H.L. Allen, R. April, P. Heine, and B. Urrego. 1994b. Soil chemical change during three decades in an old-field loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) ecosystem. Ecology 75:1463-73.

Richter, D.D., C.W. Ralston, and W.R. Harms. 1982. Prescribed fire: Effects on water quality and forest nutrient cycling. Science 215: 661-663.

Richter, D., C.W. Ralston, W. R. Harms. 1982. Chemical composition and spatial variability of bulk precipitation at a coastal plain watershed in South Carolina. Water Resources Research 19: 134-140

Riekerk, H. 1983. Impacts of silviculture on flatwoods runoff, water quality, and nutrient budgets. Water Resources Bulletin 19: 73-79.

Riekerk, H., D.G. Neary, W.T. Swank. 1988. The magnitude of upland silvicultural nonpoint source pollution in the south. pp. 8-18. In: Hook, D.D. and R. Lea (eds.). The forested wetlands of the southern United States. Proceedings of a Symposium, 12-14, July 1988.

Rhodes, J., C.M. Skau, and G. Daniel. 1985. Quantification of nitrate uptake by riparian forests and wetlands in an undistributed headwaters watershed. pp. 175-178. In:R.R. Johnson, D.R. Siebell, P.F. Ffollet, and R.H. Hamire (eds.). Riparian ecosystems and their management: reconciling conflicting uses. Proceedings of the First North American Riparian Conference, 16-18, April, 1985. Tucson, Arizona. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-120.

Robison, E.G., and Beschta, R.L. 1990. Identifying trees in riparian areas that can provide coarse woody debris to streams. Forest Science 36(3):790-801.

Schreiber, J.D. and P.D. Duffy. 1982. Sediment and nutrient transport from pine wtersheds of the United States Southern Costal Plain. pp. 725-734. In: Hydrological Research Basins and Their Use in Water Resources Planning: Proc of an International Symposium, 21-23 September 1982, Bern, Switzerland. Sonderh, Landeshydrologie, Bern.

Shepard, J.P. 1994. Effects of forest management on surface water quality in wetland forests. Welands 14(1) : 18-26

Silsbee, D., and G. Larson. 1982. Water quality of streams in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Hydrobiologia 89: 97-115.

Skinner, Q.D., J.C. Adams, P.A. Rechard, and A.A. Beetle. 1974. Effect of summer use of a mountain watershed on bacterial water quality. Journal of Environmental Quality 3: 329-335.

Smith, C.T. 1989. The filter strip concept: maintaining water quality in the managed forest. p. 190-197. In: Briggs, R.D., W.B. Krohn, J.G. Trial, W.D. Ostrofsky, and B.B. Fields (eds.). Forest and wildlife management in New England - What can we afford? Maine Agric. Expt. Stn. Misc. Rep 336. Orono.

Smith, R.A., R.B. Alexander, M.G. Wolman. 1987. Water quality trends in the nation's rivers. Science 235: 1607-1615.

Stone, E.L. 1973. The impact of timber harvest on soils and water. pp. 427-463. In:report of the President's advisory panel on timber and the environment. U.S. Govt. Printing Office. Washington D.C.

Stone, E.L. 1979. Nutrient removals by intensive harvest - some research gaps and opportunities. p. 366-386. In Impact of Intensive Harvesting on Forest Nutrient Cycling. State University of New York at Syracuse, USA.

Sullivan, K. and S. H. Duncan. 1981. Sediment yeild from road surfaces in response to truck traffic and rainfall. Weyerhaeuser Technical Report 042-4404-81-04. Weyerhaeuser Forestry Research Center. Centralia, Wa.

Swank, W.T. 1988. Stream chemistry responses to disturbance. pp. 339-358. In Swank, W.T., and D.A. Crossley (eds.). Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Springer-Verlag, New York. 339-358.

Swift, L.W., Jr. 1971. Forest cuttings raise temperatures of small streams in the southern Appalachians. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 26: 111-116.

Swift, L.W. and S.E. Baker. 1973. Lower water temperatures within a streamside buffer strip. USDA Forest Service Research Note SE-193. 7 p.

Swift, L.W. 1984. Gravel and grass surfacing reduces so8il loss from maountain roads. For Sci 30:657-670.

Swift, L.W., Jr. 1986. Filter strip widths for forest roads in the southern Appalachians. South. J. Appl. For. 10:27-34.

Swift, L.W., Jr. 1988. Forest access roads: design, maintenance, and soil loss. pp. 325-338. In Swank, W.T. and D.A. Crossley, eds. Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Swift, L.W., and S.F. Baker. 1973. Lower water temperatures within a streamside bufferstrip. USDA Forest Service Res. Note SE-193. Asheville, NC.

Trimble, G.R., R.S. Sartz. 1957. How far from a stream should a logging road be located? J For. 55:339-341

USDA Forest Service. 1989a. Final environmental impact statement, vegetation management in the Piedmont and coastal Plain. Southern Region Management Bulletin R8-MB-23, Atlanta, GA, 1248 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 1989b. Final environmental impact statement, vegetation management in the Appalacian Mountains. Southern Region Management Bulletin R8-MB-38, Atlanta, GA, 1638 pp.

USDA Forest Service. 1990. Final environmental impact statement, vegetation management in the Ozark/Ouachita Mountains. Southern Region Management Bulletin R8-MB-45, Atlanta, GA, 1787 pp.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987. Nonpoint source controls and water quality standards. EPA water quality standards handbook. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1990. National water quality inventory: 1988 report to Congress. EPA Bull. 440-4-90-003. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. Agricultural resources: cropland, water, and conservation. Situation and Outlook Report AR-16. Office of Water, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980. An approach to water resources evaluation of nonpoint silvicultural sources. EPA-600/8-80-012. Environmental Research Laboratory,Athens, GA.

U.S. Water Resources Council. 1978. The nation's water resources 1975-2000. Second national assessment by the U.S. Water Resources Council. Stock 052-00082-7. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC:

Ursic, J.S. 1970. Hydrologic effects of prescribed burning and deadening upland hardwoods in northern Mississippi. USDA Forest Service Res. Pap. SO-54. New Orleans, LA.

Ursic, S.J. 1991. Hydrologic effects of two methods of harvesting mature southern pine. Water Resources Bulletin 27:303-315.

Warwick, J. and A.R. Hill. 1987. Nitrate depletion in the riparian zone of a small woodland stream. Hydrobiologia 157:231-240

Weaver, W., D. Hagans, and M.A. Madej. 1987. Managing forest roads to control cumulative erosion and sedimentation effects. pp. 119-124. In R.Z. Callaham, and J.J. DeVries (eds.). California Watershed Management Conference. Tech. Rep. 11. University of California, Berkeley.

Whitman, R. 1989. Clean water on multiple use? Best management practices for water quality control in the national forests. Ecology Law Quarterly 16: 909-966.

Yoho, N.S. 1980. Forest management and sediment production in the South - a review. Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 4:27-36.